C++
Overview: History of C++, features, comparison with C.
Program Structure: Basic syntax, comments, header files.
Data Types and Variables: Fundamental data types (int, float, char, bool), variable declaration, initialization, constants.
Operators: Arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, increment/decrement.
Input/Output: cout for output, cin for input, manipulators.
Control Flow: Conditional statements (if-else, switch), loops (for, while, do-while).
2. Functions and Modular Programming:
Functions: Declaration, definition, calling, parameters (pass by value, pass by reference), return types.
Function Overloading: Defining multiple functions with the same name but different parameters.
Recursion: Functions calling themselves.
Storage Classes: auto, static, extern, register.
3. Arrays, Pointers, and Dynamic Memory Allocation:
Arrays: Single and multi-dimensional arrays, array initialization, accessing elements.
Pointers: Pointer declaration, initialization, dereferencing, pointer arithmetic.
Dynamic Memory Allocation: new and delete operators for managing memory dynamically.
References: Lvalue and Rvalue references.
4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in C++:
Classes and Objects: Defining classes, creating objects, member variables, member functions.
Access Specifiers: public, private, protected.
Constructors and Destructors: Special member functions for object creation and destruction.
Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods within a class.
Inheritance: Deriving new classes from existing ones (single, multiple, hierarchical, multilevel, hybrid).
Polymorphism: Function overloading, operator overloading, virtual functions, abstract classes.
Friend Functions and Classes: Granting access to private/protected members.
5. Advanced C++ Concepts:
Templates: Function templates and class templates for generic programming.
Exception Handling: try, catch, throw for managing runtime errors.
File Handling: Input/output operations with files (fstream, ifstream, ofstream).
Standard Template Library (STL): Introduction to containers (vectors, lists, maps), algorithms, iterators.
Namespaces: Organizing code to avoid naming conflicts.
Smart Pointers: unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr for automatic memory management.
6. Modern C++ Features (C++11 and beyond):
Lambda Expressions: Anonymous functions.
Auto Keyword: Type deduction.
Range-based for loops: Simplified iteration over collections.
Rvalue References and Move Semantics: Optimizing resource management.
This syllabus provides a structured path for learning C++, progressing from fundamental concepts to advanced and modern features.
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